Molecular Genetics of Cancer

Sub-atomic Genetics of Cancer Presentation It has been set up that malignancy is a hereditary illness, portrayed by interchange of freak type of the oncogenes and tumor silencer qualities prompting the uncontrolled development and spread of disease cells. While a portion of the freak qualities might be acquired, others happen in the substantial cells of the people, which can gap and structure tumor. Culmination of Human Genome Sequencing Project has created an abundance of new data about the transformations that trigger a cell to get harmful. It has now been conceivable to comprehend to extraordinary degree the connection among qualities and disease, and how transformations, chromosomal changes, infections and ecological specialists assume a job in the advancement of malignant growth. In this section current comprehension of the nature and reason for malignancy has been introduced. CELL CYCLE AND CANCER During mitotic cell division, in each phone, all chromosomes must copy reliably and a duplicate of the each must be conveyed to descendants cells. Movement through the cell cycle is constrained by the exercises of numerous qualities. At various stages in the cell cycle there exist control focuses (G1, G2, S, and M stages) at which the cell cycle is captured if there is harm to the genome or cell-cycle apparatus. Such instrument assists with fixing the harm or demolish the cell. Through this procedure it is conceivable to forestall the chance of partitioning a faulty cell and from getting dangerous. Proteins and catalysts called cyclines and cycline-subordinate kinases (Cdks) separately are the key segments that are engaged with the guideline of occasions in the checkpoints. At the G1-to-S checkpoint, two diverse G1 cycline/Cdks complex structures, bringing about initiation of the kinase. The kinase catalyzes a progression of phosphorylations (expansion of phosphate gathering) of cell-cycle control proteins, influencing the elements of those proteins and prompting interpretation into the S stage. Also, at the G2-to-M checkpoint, a G2 cycline ties to a Cdk to frame a complex. Phosphorylation of the Cdk by another kinase keeps the Cdk inert. Expulsion of a phosphate bunch from Cdk by a phosphataes protein initiates the Cdk. From there on, the cell moves from S to M stage, because of phosphorylation of proteins by Cdk. Guideline of Cell Division in Normal Cells Division of typical cells is managed by both extracellular and cell atoms that work in a confounded sign framework. Steroids and hormones made in different tissues are extracellular atoms, which impact the development and division of some different tissues. These extracellular sub-atomic are known as development factors, which tie to explicit receptors on their objective cells. The receptors are proteins that length the plasma film, and the development factor ties to the piece of the receptor which lies outside of the cell. The sign is then transmitted to an intracellular part through the layer installed some portion of the receptor. From that point, the sign is handed-off through a progression of proteins, which at last actuate atomic qualities associated with incitement and division of cells through translation factors (Fig 13.1a). The other way, restraint of cell development and division is directed by development hindering components (Fig 13.1b). The procedure which includes eith er development stimulatory or development inhibitory sign subsequent to authoritative of the extracellular factor to the receptors is called signal transduction, and the proteins engaged with such procedure are called signal transducers. Cell division in typical cells happens just when there exist balance among stimulatory and inhibitory signs from outside the cells. Any change either in the stimulatory or inhibitory qualities or qualities encoding cell surface receptors engaged with cell cycle control may cause unevenness and loss of control of cell division. Malignancies ARE GENETIC DISEASE Clinically, malignancy is characterized as an enormous number of complex infections that carry on diversely relying upon the phone types from which they start. Be that as it may, at the sub-atomic level, all malignant growths display normal attributes, and in this way they can be assembled as a family. All malignancy cells share two essential properties: unregulated cell expansion, described by irregular development and division, and metastasis, a procedure that permit disease cells to spread and attack different pieces of the body. At the point when a cell loses its hereditary command over its development and division, it might offer ascent to a favorable tumor, a multicellular mass. Such tumors may cause no genuine damage and can frequently be expelled by medical procedure. Nonetheless, if cells of the tumor likewise gain the capacity to loosen up, enter the circulatory system, attack different cells, they may prompt arrangement of auxiliary tumors somewhere else in the body. Such tumors are called dangerous, which are hard to treat and may become hazardous. A favorable tumor may get threatening through numerous means and hereditary changes. Changes in three sorts of qualities can prompts disease. These are proto-oncogenes, tumor silencer qualities and mutator qualities. Freak proto-oncogenes are called oncogenes, are typically more dynamic than ordinary cells. The result of oncogenes animates cell multiplication. The ordinary tumor silencer qualities hinder cell multiplication, while the freaks found in tumor cells have lost their inhibitory capacity. The ordinary mutator qualities are required to guarantee devotion of replication and support of genome respectability, while freak mutator qualities in malignancy cells make the cells inclined to gather mutational blunders. RETROVIRUS AND ONCOGENES Most disease causing creature infections are RNA infections known as retroviruses, and the oncogenes conveyed by RNA tumor infections are adjusted types of ordinary creature have cell qualities. Disease with retroviruses can change typical host cells to the neoplastic state, and such cells multiply in an uncontrolled way to create tumor. Instances of retroviruses incorporate human immunodeficiency infection (HIV-1), mouse mammary tumor infection, felin leukemia infection, and Rous sarcoma infection. A run of the mill retrovirus molecule has a protein center, which frequently is icosahedral fit as a fiddle, with two duplicates of in addition to detect (implies legitimately translatable) single abandoned RNA particle (7kb and 10 kb). The center is encircled by an envelope with infection encoded glycoproteins embedded into it (Fig 13.2). The infection enters the host cell by collaborating with the host cell surface receptor through its glycoproteins present in the envelope. To see how retroviruses cause malignancy in creatures, it is fundamental to realize their life cycle. Rous sarcoma infection (RSV) is one of the most punctual retrovirus concentrated on acceptance of disease. At the point when a retrovirus like RSV contaminate a cell, the RNA genome is discharged from the viral molecule, and a twofold abandoned DNA duplicate of the genome is made by invert transcriptase (Fig 13.3). This is known as proviral DNA. The proviral DNA at that point enters the core of the tainted cell, and coordinates into the host chromosome aimlessly areas. The coordinated DNA duplicate is called provirus. At the left finish of all retroviral RNA genomes comprises of the succession R and U5, and U3 and R at the correct end. Amazing enhancer and advertiser components are situated in the U5 and U3 arrangements (Fig 13.3). During proviral DNA union by turn around transcriptase, the end arrangements are copied to create long terminal rehashes of U3-R-U5 (LTRs in Fig 13.3), wh ich contain a large number of the interpretation administrative signs for the viral succession. The two finishes of the proviral DNA are ligated to create a circle, a twofold abandoned atom where the two LTRs are close to one another. Stunned scratches are made in both viral and cell DNAs, and mix of the viral DNA starts. The viral DNA closes joined through recombination. Joining happens now, and single abandoned holes are ligated. The combination of retrovirus proviral DNA brings about a duplication of DNA at the objective site, delivering short, direct rehashes in the host cell DNA flanking the provirus. The proviral DNA is interpreted by have RNA polymerase II, after joining into the host DNA. The retroviruses have three protein-coding qualities for the infection life cycle: muffle, pol, and env (Fig 13.3). The muffle quality encodes a forerunner protein that is divided to create infection molecule protein. The pol quality encodes a forerunner protein which creates a chemical called turn around transcriptase, required for the coordination of the proviral DNA into the host chromosome. The env quality encodes the forerunner to the encompass glycoprotein. The offspring infection particles are created when interpretation results of the whole incorporated viral DNA are stuffed into new popular particles. The new infection particles are discharged and can taint new host cells. A retrovirus may initiate malignancy in the host cells through two unique ways. To begin with, the proviral DNA may incorporate by chance close to one of the cell’s typical proto-oncogenes. The solid enhancers and advertisers in the provirus at that point invigorate interpretation of proto-oncogenes present in the host cell at significant levels or at improper planning. This prompts incitement of host-cell expansion. Second, a retrovirus may get a duplicate of a host proto-oncogene and coordinates it into its genome (Fig 13.4). The coordinated oncogene may transform during the procedure of move into the infection, or it might be communicated at irregular levels, because of activity of the viral advertisers. Retroviruses that convey these viral oncogenes can taint and change ordinary cells into tumor cells. Distinctive oncogenic retroviruses convey various oncogenes. Most oncogenic retroviruses can't repeat as they don't have a full arrangement of life-cycle qualities. Subsequently they can't change development properties of the host cells. They are called nononcogenic retroviruses. HIV-1 is a nononcogenic retrovirus. In actuality, RSV is an oncogenic retrovirus as it can repeat its oncogenes and can influence the development and division of the tainted host cells. Viral oncog

Colony Textile Mills Essay

History Colony Group is one of the main and most seasoned Textile Manufacturing bunch in Pakistan. The first mechanical endeavor of the gathering was in cotton ginning division in 1881. Slowly the gathering differentiated in to flour processing in the mid 1900s. First material turning plant was set up in 1946 under the name of Colony Textile Mills Limited. The Group additionally wandered in to Banking, Insurance, Cement, and Power Generation and Distribution. By 1952 Colony Textile Mills Limited was a composite material plant with a 120,000 axles, 1,500 weaving machines, texture completing limit more than 150,000 meters for each day. Nationalization of 1972 removed the greater part of the business, leaving Textile and Insurance in the Group. Directly, there are two organizations in the gathering, in particular, Colony Textile Mills Limited (CTM) with around 195,000 Spindles, and Colony Industries (Pvt. ) Limited (CIL), comprising of 35,000 Spindles and 418 Air Jet Looms. Width | Looms| | 190cm| 180| 176 Cam +12 Dobby + 12 Crank (20 Looms with Batchers)|210cm| 24| 24 Cam Looms (4 Looms with Batchers)| 280cm| 26| 20 Cam + 6 Dobby| 340cm| 188| 174 Cam + 14 Dobby| Competitive Dimensions CIL is an extremely solid and just gathering that has 418 Looms in same spot. This aides in satisfaction of huge requests at rapid. In the event that the weaving machines introduced at various areas huge requests can't be prepared in light of components like correspondence obstruction and expanded expense of transportation and so forth. Another one of a kind thing CIL has is the Automatic Drawing in machine. At the point when request of new quality is gotten it should be intended for the loom to take a shot at. In the event that physically this procedure is done the time required to take care of the new plan in the loom would associate with 16 hours. The time CIL takes to do a similar undertaking is only 2 hours with better productivity. This computerized machine is just accessible at CIL and speeds up. The force necessity for the arrangement of 418 weaving machines, armadas and other help capacities is 8MW. The expense of intensity I. e. power is decreased to a more noteworthy degree by assembling through its own capacity age framework which produces 10MW through Natural gas. Additionally for a continuous flexibly of power CIL has its own lattice station. Also CIL’s own blowers armada diminishes the expense of crude material I. e. compacted air which keeps the apparatus from warming up and keep up moistness and temperatures. Limit Capacity or the creation of weavers relies on the nature of texture. In the event that texture is of great creation will be less. The explanation for this is top notch texture utilizes fine strings. Creation additionally relies on the quantity of strings utilized in assembling. 6 million meters for each month approx creation has been recorded by CIL. At first there were 120 weavers CIL. Limit option was done in March 2005 and 154 weaving machines included. Limit option for the second time was done toward the finish of third quarter by including 144 weavers creation limit of 6. 0 million meters texture for every month. Center Services and Value Added Services The center assistance of CIL is dark texture fabricating. They don’t give inward data of records, activities and so forth to outside individuals. Anyway they give tests to their customers which are deals support. Field support is likewise difficult in this weaving business however they do redress the blunder inside the predefined time. Come up short Safing strategies Automated movement sensors Automated movement sensors stop the procedure of creeling, measuring and weaving at whatever point a string stalls or any blunder shows up all the while. This keeps mistakes from expanding. Online Inspection System Online Inspection framework is a manual framework by which mistakes can be checked by plants administrator. The information is taken care of to the framework by administrators and is assessed by factories director for evacuation of blunders. During Production Checks Technicians and administrators are liable for checking and evacuating the blunders during creation. After Production Checks Inspection and collapsing office amends mistake in the event that it despite everything exists before pressing. In the wake of pressing the request is haphazardly checked with the goal that customer gets mistake free request. Procedure Selection The sort of procedures they are utilizing at the most fundamental level is Fabrication rocess that implies Colony Industry changes over their crude material I. e. crude yarn to dark texture. Dark texture is the type of texture before printing or kicking the bucket. This procedure of creation is named as Weaving in the wording of Textile business. Yarn stream is sorted out in the production line by process innovation known as clump shop. Yarn is recovered from yarn acquirement division as the request is gotten for the creation of dim texture and afterward it is handled as bunches or request. Factory comprises of 3 Units each having 2 Sheds which are control units. Chain of command of power is in Appendix. Every Unit is going by Mills trough, etc. Creation in control are liable for 60, senior professionals for 16 and Operators for 4-6 weavers. Distorting Creeling Quality Check Yarn High Spinning Mill Low Sizing Head Stock Warper Beams Drawing In Sizing Roll Inspection Bales Packaging Weaving Approve Pallets Disapprove Storage Treatable Treat Yes No Waste No Flow Chart Marketing division gets request and move creation request to the factory. Plant staff designs the request and tells yarn acquisition division for yarn buy. This office buys yarn from colony’s turning plant and other turning factories. The yarn isn't put away at the plant however it is gotten from the source when required. When yarn is gotten by the plant it is sent to quality check division for examination where yarn is gauged and tried for hair and strain. On the off chance that the yarn isn't endorsed, it is sent back to the source else it is moved to the following office. This yarn is as shafts which is stacked on creeling machine physically. At that point the way toward distorting begins wherein these axles are unrolled and moved on the twisting pillars which are then moved for measuring. During the time spent measuring, starch and polyvinyl alongside some different synthetic compounds and water are cooked and applied to the yarn. This procedure makes yarn ready to experience the subsequent stages by expanding its quality and versatility. In the wake of drying the yarn, closes are isolated in a way that they don't adhere to one another. This dried yarn is moved on transitory capacity which has the size as indicated by the width of the material known as measuring head stock. After the way toward attracting as clarified already, it is infused to the loom for the way toward weaving. The temperature is constrained by a unique arrangement of blower armada. When weaving is done, review of each inch of fabric is accomplished for quality affirmation where choice is made with respect to acknowledgment, dismissal and repairing of material. After endorsement, it is asked for to leave for good as referenced underway request and if texture isn't affirmed, it is retouched else it is sent to the waste. Back Process: In Warping, the entire set-up is of Ben-Direct Benninger V 1080/2400. Settlement Ind. has 6 Warping machines with the Creel Capacity of 1080 each. Each machine is with the electronic sensors for the following of broken finishes. In Sizing, Colony has the Ben-Sizetech Zell KVE, Creel 32 WW/4000 machines. State has 4 Sizing machines, 3 with the Head Stock size of 4 meters. All out Creel Capacity ranges from 16 (1 m/c) to 28 (1 m/c) till 32 (2 m/c’s). The Sizing machine is with pre-wet innovation with twofold plunge sow-box. Settlement has an extra office of Beam Stacker which isn't found anyplace else in Pakistan. Province is outfitted with 2 Beam Stacker from Formia Nova of Italy with aggregate of 65 bars holding the limit of 195 no of pillars for Narrow and 130 no of bars for Wider. Attracting Colony has the best in class 2 Automatic Drawing-In machine which is discovered uncommon in Pakistan. One machine is from Staubli (Delta 110-4) which has the limit of 150,000 finishes/day loading up with the speed of 140 strings/min. The second machine is from EL&M S. P. A (Super Vega) which has the 80 strings/min filling speed. Weaving Colony has the absolute creation of 6. 00 million meters texture/month with 418 weavers of Toyota JAT 710 underway. In the 190 cm segment (Narrow weavers), have 180 weaving machines, with the grouping movements. Collapsing machines has the absolute limit of 25k/move/machine. Moving machine is with the creation of 10000 meters texture/move/machine Quality Inspection/collapsing is the procedure for quality checks. In this procedure each inch of texture is examined. The nature of texture relies on the caution of customer and is checked by the effectiveness of loom expressed in Production Order. Cost additionally increments with the fineness of the texture. During the procedure if any imperfection is found than it is concluded by the idea of the deformity whether to permit it or treat the texture. At that point texture is classified into three evaluations A, B and C. An is best class and is viewed as of fare quality, while B and C are of lower quality. They follow 4 point framework which permits limit of 4 mistakes and is overall acknowledged. Province has completely furnished Quality Lab with all sort of testing types of gear including the Uster Tester 4 for yarn checking. Quality Lab ensure that there is no trade off in the nature of the yarn utilized and the texture delivered. The entire set-up has the check focuses from Quality Department from Back Process to Article, from Inspection to pressing, along these lines bringing about the creation of first class A-Grade texture as submitted. State has the Wrapping Reel from Mesdan Italy with the Model # S-389 An utilized for the creation of lea. It adheres to the ASTM standard ofD-1907-01. Auto Sorter is from Uster Switzerland with the Model PR 503 DR. Most Important machine in the Lab of province is Uster UT - 4 with the Model SE 400101-02100. Make of UT-4 is from Uster Switzerland for the checking of IPI’s in the yarn. For the checking

Argumentative Essay Outline Make it Convincing!

Argumentative Essay Outline Make it Convincing! How to write an outline for an argumentative essay Pick up the info you’re planning to use when writing the outline for the essay. Be convinced you have reliable sources of information that you can verify. Or it will be too difficult to prove any of your statements. First of all, pick up a controversial topic. If you do so, you will have a wide choice of things you can write about. Keep in mind that in your paper you will need to highlight both pros and cons. That’s why it may be more effective to choose the topic that is neutral to you. It shouldn’t trigger your personal feelings and emotions so that you feel comfortable when discussing it. For example, if you want to the topic such as illegal abortion, you should mention pros and cons of it. How to come up with a great argumentative essay outline? The structure is the key How to write an argumentative essay outline? Well, that’s a very important question. In fact, it is almost the same as usual. You probably know it perfectly well. Your essay should contain the intro, the body, and the conclusion. You should make your reader think, analyze, and believe your words. Let’s take a close look at each item of outline for argumentative essay. The introduction That’s where you need to build up the basement for an argumentative essay outline. It should contain thesis, relevant background information, and a hook. What’s a hook? It’s your first sentence that is used to grab the attention of the reader. This sentence should make the reader start viewing your outline. As far as the background information is concerned it is aimed at giving the reasons why you should read this text and what it’s all about. You should do your best to get the reader interested so that he/she wants to find out the conclusion. Then you need to come up with a thesis. Here you write what you consider about the selected topic. It means you describe your attitude towards it. Developing and refuting your argument Here you need to note down the claims. In fact, the amount of them for the college argumentative essay outline can be defined by the tutor or by yourself. Each claim you’re using should firmly support the argument you have chosen before. Don’t forget to use evidence to prove the claim. Use only reliable sources of information to provide any kind of evidence. Afterwards, you indicate the opposite statement. Your task is to refute it. In other words, you will need to use strong evidence. Of course, you will have to support it with reliable sources. The conclusion In this part, you should repeat why this essay topic is essential to discuss. You need also state what would happen with the world around you if something happens as you’ve described. What’s bad or good about it? Now your outline of argumentative essay is ready and you can breathe out. You can start writing the essay or have some tea. Tips for writing a great argumentative essay outline You have learned all you may require about the structure of the outline of an argumentative essay. So, it’s time to find out the tips and tricks to add more spice to it. Find your thesis Keep in mind that you will have to find something that can become the central and main part of the MLA argumentative essay outline. If you read it and ask yourself “So what?”, it’s a bad thesis. Be ready to change the thesis every time your mind gives you a new brilliant idea. Make your mind burst We mean you have to brainstorm as many ideas that can support your thesis as you can. You can do it wherever you go. Even if you are taking shower or walking the dog. Well, the further you are from your outline the more ideas you will generate. So, relax and wait for the burst. Make a list of ideas Write down all the ideas that you’ve generated and group them according to the relevance. Grouping the ideas will help you leave only essential ones that you can find reliable sources to support them. Find your author If you lack time or ideas to write about in your argumentative essay outline high school or APA argumentative essay outline, there’s a great solution for you. It’s looking for an academic writer whom you trust. You should check if this person can be reliable by a few questions on the topic. Thanks to the high competition, the price for such services is low and the quality is high. You are familiar with the structure and you can check any ready-made outline if it looks and sounds fine. You can control every step and every piece of the future outline. Thus, no one will be able to cheat you.

Gender Inequality Gender And Gender - 1217 Words

Gender has always been an interesting topic to me. The cool thing about gender is that it differs so much, whether it be from country to country, or from periods of time. Gender even differs within the same country between different regions and cultures. Gender is one of those things that is never consistent, and could definitely change drastically in my lifetime. So what exactly is Gender? Often, people get the term gender confused with the term sex. Although they are associated with each other, they should not be used interchangeably. Merriam Webster Dictionary defines gender as one of the categories (masculine, feminine, and neuter) into which words (such as nouns, adjectives, and pronouns) are divided in many languages (Merriam Webster Dictionary). Simply put, sex usually refers to the biological features that define men and women, and therefore use the categories: â€Å"Male† and â€Å"Female†. (Gender, women and health). With that being said, let us explore how we come to learn gender. Society plays a big part in how we learn gender. Here in the United States, for the most part, men are expected to behave a certain way, and women are expected to behave another way. For example, men or boys are expected to be tough and rugged, showing little emotion, if any at all. Women on the other hand, are seen as these emotional creatures, who are looked at as more sensitive. Now of course these are stereotypes, but they have become so socially accepted that we as a society are obliviousShow MoreRelatedGender Equality And Gender Inequality979 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the past few decades, the gender inequality discourse have became a dominant feature of international, national and local policy debate on the subject of economic development. This policy concern has emerged as an area of scholarly research which seeks to show that improving gender equity leads to economic growth. 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Counseling Project Narrative Therapy With Charlie

Counseling Project: Narrative Therapy with Charlie Liberty University Taylor Finley Abstract This paper looks at the case study of Charlie and how his individual case would be conceptualized and treated with a Narrative Therapy approach. This adult male is seeking treatment for his angry issues that cause him to put down his friends and family to avoid dealing with his own problems, his excessive drinking which he uses to temporarily forget the pain and anger he possesses, and his addiction to sex. The use of Narrative Therapy will help Charlie to begin the change that he desires through treatment techniques like questioning, written artifacts, and outsider witness practices. If Charlie had an open mind to incorporating the Christian faith into his therapy treatment, the focus would then turn to scripture for encouragement and prayer. The outcome of the therapy is positively viewed, in that Charlie was successfully able to control his anger and have a more positive outlook in life in general, leaving behind his drinking and sexual sin. Keywords: Narrative Therapy, questionin g, written artifacts, outsider witness practices Case Conceptualization using Narrative Therapy Narrative Therapy is an approach to counseling that places people as the professionals in their own lives. This type of therapy aims to view problems as separate individuals to people, assuming that the individual’s set of skills, experience, and mindset will assist them in reducing the influence ofShow MoreRelated65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesrepetition. While you may want to weave a few overarching themes in all your essays, use the essays to demonstrate different aspects of your intellectual, emotional, and moral fiber. For instance, if you choose to prove your ability as a competent project manager in one essay, you may wish to discuss a more personal issue like your relationship with your parents or partner in the  ·next., Reach inside yourself for examples of strength, confidence, and accomplishment. In the end, your fundamental objectiveRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  86 0 PagesPROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION - PROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION HAROLD KERZNER, Ph.D. Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored inRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesOccupation Database administrators, computer support specialists, and all other computer scientists Computer engineers Systems analysts Personal and home care aides Physical and corrective therapy assistants and aides Home health aides Medical assistants Desktop publishing specialists Physical therapists Occupational therapy assistants and aides Employment 1996 212 216 506 202 84 495 225 30 115 16 2006 461 451 1,025 374 151 873 391 53 196 26 Change, 1996—2006 Number 249 235 520 171 66 378 166 22 81 11 PercentRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesDiagnostic and Analytical Skills 107 Case Application 4-A: Casino Has No Sense of Humor Regardi ng â€Å"Dilbert† Comic 107 Case Application 4-B: Off-the-Job Behaviors 107 Working with a Team: Dealing in Gray Areas 108 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Counseling Employees 108 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 109 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 130 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 130 Case Application 5: Turnover and Morale Problems at TSA 130 Contents Working withRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSingapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art

Privacy by default Free Essays

The word ‘pervasive’ is indicative of the intrusive nature of TIT, as can be evidenced by two of its features, namely data collected would come from various origins, and that it would be done without the user’s awareness. The paper highlights five objectives to be achieved for TIT to avoid being misused and end up harming the users. The right of deletion, the right to be forgotten, data portability, privacy, and data protection principles must not be compromised or neglected. We will write a custom essay sample on Privacy by default or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following examples below list just three common ways that these five objectives were not met in many internet applications. Firstly, one such risk is that a user’s personal information might not be directly known, but it could be revealed through lots data collection from different sources or even uncover new information, thus violating the users privacy. A person who does not wish to be recognized online can therefore be identified through such means. Secondly, the paper details that many applications only consider the installation of â€Å"information security, privacy and data protection† only as an afterthought, rather than in the beginning, at the drawing board. This compromises the application’s security and the users privacy substantially, as he capabilities of these measures would be reduced. Thirdly, with the advent of cloud computing and social networking services, the likelihood of users becoming â€Å"locked-in† to a particular TIT service provider increases because it becomes more difficult to import and export their information to other service providers. The lack of data portability here also means that users do not have control over their own data. The paper mentions that there are t-von. O general principles that should be followed in the policy making of TIT. Firstly, the TIT should not â€Å"violate human identity, human integrity, human rights, privacy or individual or public berries†. Secondly, individuals should have control of all their personal information created or processed within the TIT, unless such an action violates the first principle. With regards to this, the paper illustrated four methods to reaching the objectives: 1 . Privacy, data protection and information security risk management 2. Privacy by design and Privacy by default 3. Data protection legislation: harmonistic/coherent application/enhanced enforcement 4. Standardization Each of the above four options address various challenges related to TIT. The first option is not simply a technology-focused idea, as the paper states that it loud also be important to look into other measures, such as legal, regulatory, procedural and organizational. The main idea of this option is to avoid leaving said protection measures till the end of the development process as an afterthought, but to be included at the planning stage, with an adherence to best practices to avoid or reduce common risks. The second option operates on the basis that while the technology might not be the factor that puts privacy and security at risk, but the way that it is created and implemented. It claims that applications should not collect data necessary to its functions, and that users should be made aware of what information would be gathered from them as well as what said information would be used for. Users should also be informed on how to exercise their rights, and the applications should adhere to data protection principles. The flashlight application example mentioned before was in clear violation of this, and this real life example further enforces the need for an option such as this. From the technical standpoint, the paper states that personal data protection should be defined, such as in-built privacy options and mechanisms to inform ND educate users on data processing, although the challenge would be to do such things while operating within limited processing power and/or memory of the applications. The third option focuses on the legal aspect of data protection, such as strengthening, clarifying and harmonize the powers of data protection authorities in order to make sure that all legislations are enforced, and not just pick and choose specific laws to be followed. The paper also states that violations should be sanctioned significantly to deter people from making applications that would neglect such issues. This is to ensure transparency of applications and for users to have control over their own data. The â€Å"concept of indirectly identifiable data† also has to be improved and elucidated to avoid uncertainty in legislations. The last option, standardization, allows ease of conformity with legal requirements and certification due to the clarity provided from it, thus being cap bled of educating users on how to exercise their rights and allowing them to make informed choices. One weakness with standardization is that â€Å"standards are voluntary and non-binding†, and thus it might not be very effective. It would require measures which are more binding. The impact of these options is the building of trust between consumers and the applications. Trust is important in this online environment because without trust, consumers are less likely to buy and use new applications, thus slowing progress of the invention of new technologies, economic growth, and cause the public sector to take longer to benefit from digitizing its services. The paper concludes that having a binding law with more data protection enforcement is the best option to achieve the goals for TIT to ensure that the applications are trustworthy and compliant with user rights. How to cite Privacy by default, Papers

Paramedic Professionals free essay sample

Although paramedics work alongside other emergency services and health care providers, they are not classified as health care professionals, therefore, working independently from these organisations and autonomously within their own state ambulance organisations. Through exploring the evolution of paramedic practice and their role as a health care provider, the current status of paramedics as a semi profession is explained along with what further development is needed before they become a recognised profession. In understanding how paramedics work autonomously within their own state based organisations, the concept of scope of practice and evidence based practice is explored. Finally by discussing how paramedics are independent, we establish paramedics’ role and position within the Australian Health Care System. A paramedic is a health care professional At present in Australia, paramedics are not classified as registered health care professionals. (Smith 2012) Instead, paramedics are widely regarded as semi-professionals with the potential to become a fully recognised profession in the near future. The definition of profession and the guidelines to become a recognised profession are not black and white. Professions Australia defined a profession as ‘a disciplined group of individuals who adhere to ethical standards and who possess special knowledge and skills in a widely recognised body of learning derived from research, education and training at a high level. ’ (Allied Health Professions Australia 2008: 8) Whilst Wilinsky (1964) describes 4 key elements that are essential for the process of professionalization. These include; the implementation of a unified code of ethics and regulations, attaining professional licencing, registration and accreditation, the establishment of university study and education and the development of full-time occupation and formation of occupational territory. Over the past 20 years the roles of paramedics have changed rapidly, with changes still occurring at the present. Paramedics have transitioned from ‘stretcher bearers’ knew as ambulance officers, to todays’ paramedics who are full time workers and are able to administer extensive pre hospital care. Along with the changes to the nature of the paramedics’ job, there has also been a significant change in the way paramedics are trained. ‘Training for paramedics has transitioned from on the job training provided by State and Territory Ambulance Services to vocational qualifications and more recently, higher education (University) sector qualifications. ’(Williams, Brown, Onsman 2012: 6) These changes to higher education training and full time employment, has allowed for paramedics to move one step closer in becoming a recognised profession. A review of common professional traits suggests two main areas where the discipline falls short and it is that paramedics do not have ‘national registration and regulation resulting in professional self-control and accreditation’ and they do not nationwide qualifications that link from tertiary education to the paramedic services (Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 1) Firstly, registration in the context of health care professionals, is the process of licensing and registering clinicians to practice at a uniform national standard of care. Productivity Commission 2005 in Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 7) Registration allows for consistency in education and training nationwide, and ensures paramedics work within the provisions of their scope of practice. (Council of Ambulance Authorities 2008) Secondly, there are no national university standard degree competencies or a national curriculum in relation to paramedic training. This leads to an inconsistency between the curricula taugh t to paramedic students. This is further aggravated by ambulance services as they work independently from the Australian Health care System and of the universities as well. Williams, Brown, Osman 2012) In conclusion, without the implementation of nationwide registration, licensing and education qualifications, paramedics will continue to be recognized as a semi-profession. Operating autonomously Paramedics are allied health care providers who are operating autonomously at a state level within their own ambulance services. The United States National Library of Medicine defines autonomy as the ‘decisions and the freedom to act in accordance with ones professional knowledge base. (Nurs 2010: 1) In the paramedic profession this knowledge base is known as a scope of practice. Within each state based paramedic organisation, there is legislation and guidelines that outline the scope of which a certain qualified paramedic can work in. Scope of practice refers to ‘the extent to w hich providers may render Health care services and the extent they may do so independently and the type of diseases, ailments, and injuries a health care provider may address and what procedures and medication they can provide. ’ (Prats amp; Katz 2012: 13) For example, in Queensland, whilst out on road paramedics have the freedom to make their own decisions and judgments based on their knowledge, as long as it is legal in the legislation of the Queensland Ambulance Service Ambulance Service Act 1991 (Qld) and within the scope of practice of the paramedics qualifications. (Queensland Consolidated Acts 2010) As paramedics gain further knowledge and undergo more training, the scope of practice of this paramedic will increase. The larger the scope of practice, the more autonomously the paramedic is able to operate. Currently in Queensland there has been an increased awareness of poorer patient outcomes and difficulties in accessing medical help in rural and remote areas. (Horizon 2007 in O’Meara 2011) In an attempt to increase positive patient outcomes, expanded scope roles have been introduced into the Australian Health Care System, allowing certain paramedics to apply skills and protocols for which they were not originally trained. (Sterling, Pedler, Walker 2007) This increases the paramedics’ autonomy within their field which allows them to work for better patient outcomes. Paramedics are also highly autonomous as they frequently use evidence based practice as a means of new research and technique. In the pre hospital care environment, ‘rather than making decisions about practice actions based on routine and traditionally taught methods, paramedics use evidence identified from well-constructed studies as a basis for the clinical decisions and behaviours. ’ (Curtis amp; Ramsden 2011: 111) Evidence based practice occurs through ‘integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. (Sackett amp; Rosenberg 1996: 1) This can only occur when an individual is given autonomy within their field of work. In conclusion, as paramedics have the freedom to make decisions within their scope of practice and can utilise evidence based practice, paramedics are autonomous within a state level. Operating independently within The Australian Health Care System Although paramedics work along- side the Australian Health Care System, paramedics are independent of this system. The Houghton Mifflin Company 2011 defines independent as being ‘not governed by a foreign power; self-governing. Paramedics are governed by their own state based organisations and are separate and independent of the hospitals and the Australian Health Care System. When dealing with any misconduct or inquiries, unlike nurses and doctors whose governing power is the Australian Health Care System, paramedics approach their own state based organisation. In conclusion, even though the paramedics work in conjunction with other health care providers both in and out of the hospital setting, paramedics governance is independent of other health care services and the Australian Health Care System. Willis, McCarthy, Lazarsfeld-Jensen and O’Meara 2009) Conclusion: In conclusion paramedics are autonomous and independent health care providers who work along-side the Australian Health Care system. Althou gh paramedics work alongside other emergency services and health care providers in both the in and out of hospital care environment, they are not classified as health care professionals. But with the implementation of nationwide curricula and ethical standards, paramedics can move from a semi profession to fully recognised profession. Paramedics have the freedom to make decisions within their scope of practice and can utilise evidence based practice, making paramedics autonomous within a state level. Through the broadening of paramedics’ scope of practice in certain environment such as rural areas and through the use of evidence based practice we see efforts to increase positive patient outcomes. Finally, paramedics are independent from the Australian Health Care System as they are self-governed by their own state based organisations.

Relationship Between Religion and Art free essay sample

A analysis of different religions and their influence on art. This paper examines what is the existing connection between religion and art. The author provides an overview of Zen, Buddhism, Daoism and Taoism. Then, he describes what type of art emerged from these religions. But, of course, in our multi-cultural society, it is not only Christianity that makes its way into business practices. This paper explores the connections between the religious system of Zen Buddhism and the practice of pottery, examining the intimate and intricate ways in which systems of thought have become married to systems of action. This idea is based on the fact that an acquaintance, which was raised as a Methodist, married a Buddhist man (raised in Japan) and decided to begin practicing Buddhism. She found that her job as a sixth-grade teacher, while rewarding in many ways, became increasingly out of tune with her new religious beliefs and so she quit and opened a pottery studio. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Religion and Art or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She now teaches pottery and sells her own work, a business that she believes has brought her a deeper understanding of the essence of Buddhist practice and belied (Nakashima, personal communication).

12 Rules for Punctuating Dialogue Like a BOSS

12 Rules for Punctuating Dialogue Like a BOSS How to Punctuate Dialogue: A Guide for Writers Do you use single or double quote marks for dialogue? Find out here. The rules of punctuating dialogue, whether in fiction or non-fiction, are tricksy little creatures. Despite our exposure to hundreds of thousands of dialogue lines, writers aren’t always familiar with how to punctuate a scene where characters are speaking to each other. But this, of course, is by design.With well-written dialogue,  readers shouldn’t notice the periods and quote marks. Their function is to make the words easier to read and disappear into the background. In this post, we’ll take you through the basics of how to punctuate dialogue. By the end, you can be sure that your dialogue never trips over its own commas ever again. Rule #1: Should you use double or single quotation marks?In American English, direct speech is normally represented with double quotation marks:â€Å"It’s time to pay the piper.†You might see British editors occasionally place a period (or full stop, as they say) outside the quote marks. But in those cases, it is not used for spoken dialogue but for quoting "sentence fragments", or perhaps when styling the title of a short story like "The Gift of the Magi". If you have any thoughts or questions, leave a message in the comments below.

Human Resource Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Human Resource Portfolio - Essay Example This depends on the management who can wager transformational leadership within its elaborate operational realm as steward of its human resources (Casio, 1989). As such, HRM conducts analysis to systematically investigate tasks and responsibilities of a job to determine the necessary knowledge, skills, and capacity required to adequately perform the tasks of the job (Stone, 2008). This paper aims to explicate the significance job analysis for the selection and hiring of applicants, for performance management and for empowering workers. HRM defined HRM is a philosophical framework for organizational development although this is diverse in praxis depending on leaders’ paradigm on organizational management (Grant, 1991). This is best understood by examining how an organization is manage using its vision, mission, policies, procedures and internal culture with anent structures that provide system in their coordination and collaborative undertakings to correlate their roles or func tions at achieving goals and desired outcomes. The manager ensures proper direction by stipulating clearly the objectives, systems and control for the fulfillment of tasks (Gratton, 1999). As such, there is a wide spectrum of decision-making here pertaining to worker-employer relation to have a harmonious working environment and to attain efficient productivity or output (Gratton, 1999). HRM considers the crucial factors to improve workforce’s intellectual capital since this is significant for company’s competitive advantage (Guest & Conway, 1998). As employees are tasked to implement plans, human resource managers functioned for in-depth job analysis, description, and advertisement before they’d engage the company into hiring and selection process of applicants (Guestet al., 1998). They also fulfill the requirements and needs of human capital and motivate them to complete tasks and optimize their performances for competitive leveraging. Job Analysis Job analysi s is a sensitive part of human resource management (HRM). It is a logical process of documenting and analyzing data and information pertaining to job’s nature, content, context, and description that is generally befitting to standards (OPM, 2012; Stone, 2008) and requiring worker’s competence and skills (OPM, 2012). Competence refers to the measurable cognitive capacity, skills, behaviors, character, and resiliency in the performance of one’s role and functions. Nowadays, corporation has strong inclination to hire for applicants which has capacity to multi-function: ability to eloquently communicate, express flexibility in challenging circumstances, expertise in information technology or knowledge management, and ability for transformational leadership (Gratton, 1999). For example, VMG Motor Company is in need of a sales

Brain Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brain Rules - Essay Example Therefore, the question posed by the researchers was that is the sedentary population turns out to be active. Will their cognitive scores rise? In this case, the answer given is a yes; the reason given is that exercise is aerobic. They further describe that executive functions had to improve after 4 months; memory scores also had to improve(Medina John, 2010)..There are two reasons given on why exercise improves cognition and it includes the following: Firstly, oxygen flow to the brain is increased as a result of exercise. This reduces the brain bound radicals. One of the fascinating results for previous decades is that oxygen increase is usually accompanied by an uptick in mental sharpness. Secondly, the brain’s molecular machinery is acted upon by exercise directly. It improves the neuron’s survival, creation as well as resistance to stress and damageThe information provided is very useful because exercise has been indicated to be very important in terms of boosting b rain power. It has also been reflected that having enough rest can be critical because it can make someone productive. In this regard, if I put the information into action, then my learning power could be improved. Oxygen flow to the brain is increased as a result of exercise. This reduces the brain bound radicals. In regard to this finding, it can be seen that exercise is good for the health and when exercise is taken into consideration practically. Another advantage reflected is that exercise influences executive function positively.

Women In Medieval Europe

Women In Medieval Europe I chose the topic of Women in Medieval Europe to write my essay about. I will attempt to provide some basic knowledge about how the lives of women were very difficult during this time. Some things that will be discussed are the submissions women had to give to men. To start this essay I ask a number of questions, the first one is as follows: What type of work did women do during this period? Women that were from poverty stricken homes would have to go out and work with their husbands to bring in more income because his alone was not enough to support their household due to women having multiple children. Women would help their husbands haul hay or plow fields. Poor women did not have shoes to wear so they walked around barefooted and during the winter they would not have any winter clothes to keep them warm so they would wrap themselves in sheets to protect them from the cold. They also took their children to work with them because they could not afford nannies like the wealthy class could. How was life different for wealthy women during this time? As with any culture having money always gives you more advantages. Although wealthy women had to obey the same things, such as not speaking unless you were spoken to or only if it was approved by a man first and obey the men. Women of higher classes had jobs to do as well some would have to help run their businesses and if their multiple businesses or properties that the family owned then she would have to help her husband over see them too. Of course they could afford to hire workers but there were somethings that had to be handled by them personally. If the womens husband passed away, then everything was left entirely up to her to take care of. Wealthy women had more advantages even when it came to caring for their children. They had the luxury of hiring nannies for this job. The nannies would even breast-feed their babies for them. Why would women in this time become a Nun? Women became nuns in this time because this was a way they could get an education and gain some rights. This was especially popular for the lower class women because this was their only hope of getting a proper education. Becoming a nun meant that she would have to be celibate and the chance of having children would be lost. By becoming a nun women grew their own crops and had their own house. With the education that was provided, they were also able to pursue careers. Many of the poor families that had multiple daughters would make their daughter become a nun because they could not afford to raise them and to ensure that they would get an education. The bad side of this was that once you became a nun it was forbidden for you to leave or have children. Back in this time it was said that a woman that could not or would not bear a mans child was of no use at all. What happened to unwed women during this time? Unmarried women that owned land or multiple properties were considered to have the same rights as men. But if and or when she did get married, then she was forced to give her husband all of her properties and she gave up her rights. Women that were not married could wear their hair down but the women that were married had to wear their hair in a linen wimple to cover her hair up because this showed sign of modesty. Women were not able to pick their husbands. Men were able to pick their wives at times. Marriages were very carefully arranged by family members. Marriages were not based on love or emotions. Families would try and arrange marriages between their daughters and sons based on economic factors. These factors would be if they had their own land, if they owned their business or if they come from a wealthy family. So once again money had a great deal to do with influences with other people. It was really a marriage of property and money that the church unified and the families would have a very large crowd of well known people to witness this occasion. This was commonly between the wealthy people but what about marriages between the poor women? The poverty stricken women and men normally married who they pleased because they had nothing to gain or lose. The legal age to get married in the medieval days was 12 for girls and 14 for boys. This was a common age to be married back then because of the expected life span. Due to lack of medical care and medicine, people died at a much younger age than they do today. There were very few reasons that the couple could get divorced. Some of the reasons they could get divorced were if they were not Christians, they were not of legal age, if they had previous promises to another person or the woman could not perform sexual relations. Women had to submit to their husbands whenever he desired for her to. Were there any powerful women during this time? One person could sum this question up and that is Joan of Arc. Joan of Arc was considered a heroic figure in France. She disguised herself as a boy to join the army and became one of the most famous leaders. Women were not allowed to join the army and that is the reason she disguised herself as a boy. Joan had said that she had visions from God and he was calling her to be a warrior. There were other famous women such as Hildegard of Bingen who was considered to be a very famous writer of sacred music in the middle ages, Christine de Pizan was a famous writer and feminist one of her more popular books were The Book of the City of Ladies and last but not least there was Lady Godiva, she was the woman famous for riding nude on a horse through the town of Coventry. She wanted to prove that the towns people were honorable and would not look at her being naked. There were a number of much respected Queens during this time, as well as a number of princesses. Final question that runs through my mind is was it really that bad for women? My answer would be yes it was extremely bad for women. Women had absolutely no rights at all. Any man in the family could tell her to do something and she had to do it. If she did not do what she was asked to do then she was badly beaten. It was said that a woman that did not obey was disobeying God. A woman had to give up her land and rights to the man she married. Also women were not even allowed to pick the person they were to marry. Imagine if it was the same way today! So many women are so outspoken and very independent that we couldnt even think about a man running our entire lives. Not only not being able to speak or do what we want to do but to be badly beaten just because we choose not to. Women were also very often accused of doing very awful things. Some of the accusations were practicing witchery; women would be burn at the stake for this. Conclusion: The conclusion for my essay is that with all of the research that I have done to see what the lives were like for women during the Medieval Period, I have found that their lives did seem extremely hard and unfair. To justify why this may have been, many would say Christianity. Eve was perceived as the trouble maker and then there was the impurity that many men thought women had because of menstrual cycles. While Christianity might have played a role as to why men thought they could treat women this way, it also provided protection for women as well. It did not allow divorce for any given reason (as it is today). It also did not allow the men to kill their wives. Sure they were able to beat them within an inch of their life but at least they did get to keep their life. There were some kings that treated women fairly and had a great deal of respect for them but there were not a lot of them. But this was well over a thousand years ago and a lot of things have changed since that time. I am personally, very grateful that they have changed!

Bingo vs Lays

Project Report On I. T. C – Bingo V/S Frito-Lays V/S Submitted By:Under the guidance ofSubmitted to: Harpratap Singh- Prof. Santosh DharJ. K. Lakshmipat M. B. A II Semester(Professor MBA Dept)University, – Mr. Sachin KadamJaipur (Area Executive ITC Mumbai) Declaration I hereby declare that my Project Report entitled â€Å"I. T. C – Bingo V/S Frito-Lays† is an authentic work done by me. The Project was undertaken as a part of the course curriculum of MBA of J. K. Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, Rajasthan. This has not been submitted to any other examination body earlier. Date: SignaturePlace: JaipurHarpratap Singh MBA II Semester Acknowledgement I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Santosh Dhar my project guide from Institute of Management, J. K. Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, Rajasthan and my company Guide; Area Executive Mr. Sachin Kadam for the successful completion of my project – I. T. C Bingo v/s Frito-Lays. I sincerely thank th em for their extended support and encouragement from the initial to the final stages enabling me to develop a better understanding and provided me proper and correct direction for the completion of the Project work.Date: Harpratap Singh Place: Jaipur MBA II Semester Content S. No. | Title| Page No. | 1. | Title| 1| 2. | Declaration & Acknowledgement| 2-3| 3. | Executive Summary| 5| 4. | Company Profile| 6-15| 5. | Industry Overview| 16-17| 6. | Project Objectives| 18| 7. | Research Methodology| 19-20| 8. | About Bingo & Lays| 21-34| 9. | Observations and Findings| 35-37| 10. | Data Collection, Representation & Interpretation| 38-48| 11. | Recommendations| 49-50| 12. | Conclusion| 51| 13. | Annexure| 52-53| 4. | References| 54| Executive Summary Since its launch period in March, 2007, BINGO as a brand has been through a lots of ups and downs. Both Branding and Sales and Distribution aspects of marketing for BINGO have been explored and matured to a large extent. Though the product i tself is considered to be in a growth stage, with a market share of 16% in the branded snacks food category, it has been successful to a large extent in creating the required Brand recall for the category. With the fast growing retail industry in India, competition has increased between the major market players.Companies are continually trying to engage and construct innovate ideas to service this market. This project aims to study about ITC Bingo snacks and its competitor Frito-Lays. The project provides information about the various procedures followed by ITC with respect to distribution chain function, and client management and the comparison and interpretation of data collected in regard with the project topic. The project includes a mix of observation, interview and questionnaires. Initially a period of 45 days was dedicated to fieldwork under the guidance of Area Executive Mr.Sachin Kadam of ITC limited. An effort was made to understand the various servicing procedure, the typ ical areas/localities, and kinds of retailers, classes of customers and the sales and distribution process and the retailers’ point of view for Bingo and Lays Regular interaction was done with retailers and distributors about the response and flow of product and variants respectively along with the competitor Lays’. Through this it makes easy to understand the process of accessing the competitor’s response in that outlet. week was dedicated to collect information of Frito-Lays regarding their marketing strategy, distribution and sales network and other useful information from the company officials. This project also includes the various tasks given to me by my AE and then my observation at retail outlets, the routes/areas/localities and the sales and distribution process. I concluded my project with some of my suggestion and recommendations, and the questionnaire that I had used to collect the primary data. The findings and recommendations help in better underst anding the shortcomings in the sales and distribution process of Bingo. As observed) Company Profile ITC is one of India's foremost private sector companies with a market capitalization of over US $ 33 billion and a turnover of US $ 7 billion. ITC is rated among the World's Best Big Companies, Asia's ‘Fab 50†² and the World's Most Reputable Companies by Forbes magazine, among India's Most Respected Companies by Business World and among India's Most Valuable Companies by Business Today. ITC also ranks among India's top 10 `Most Valuable (Company) Brands', in a study conducted by Brand Finance and published by the Economic Times.ITC also ranks among Asia's 50 best performing companies compiled by Business Week. ITC has a diversified presence in Cigarettes, Hotels, Paperboards ; Specialty Papers, Packaging, Agri-Business, Packaged Foods ; Confectionery, Information Technology, Branded Apparel, Personal Care, Stationery, Safety Matches and other FMCG products. While ITC is an outstanding market leader in its traditional businesses of Cigarettes, Hotels, Paperboards, Packaging and Agri-Exports, it is rapidly gaining market share even in its nascent businesses of Packaged Foods ; Confectionery, Branded Apparel, Personal Care and Stationery.As one of India's most valuable and respected corporations, ITC is widely perceived to be dedicatedly nation-oriented. Chairman Y C Deveshwar calls this source of inspiration â€Å"a commitment beyond the market†. In his own words: â€Å"ITC believes that its aspiration to create enduring value for the nation provides the motive force to sustain growing shareholder value. ITC practices this philosophy by not only driving each of its businesses towards international competitiveness but by also consciously contributing to enhancing the competitiveness of the larger value chain of which it is a part.ITC's diversified status originates from its corporate strategy aimed at creating multiple drivers of growth anchored on its time-tested core competencies: unmatched distribution reach, superior brand-building capabilities, effective supply chain management and acknowledged service skills in hoteliering. Over time, the strategic forays into new businesses are expected to garner a significant share of these emerging high-growth markets in India. ITC's Agri-Business is one of India's largest exporters of agricultural products.ITC is one of the country's biggest foreign exchange earners (US $ 3. 2 billion in the last decade). The Company's ‘e-Choupal' initiative is enabling Indian agriculture significantly enhance its competitiveness by empowering Indian farmers through the power of the Internet. This transformational strategy, which has already become the subject matter of a case study at Harvard Business School, is expected to progressively create for ITC a huge rural distribution infrastructure, significantly enhancing the Company's marketing reach.ITC's wholly owned Information Technology s ubsidiary, ITC InfoTech India Ltd, provides IT services and solutions to leading global customers. ITC InfoTech has carved a niche for itself by addressing customer challenges through innovative IT solutions. ITC's production facilities and hotels have won numerous national and international awards for quality, productivity, safety and environment management systems. ITC was the first company in India to voluntarily seek a corporate governance rating. ITC employs over 26,000 people at more than 60 locations across India.The Company continuously endeavours to enhance its wealth generating capabilities in a globalising environment to consistently reward more than 4,14,000 shareholders, fulfil the aspirations of its stakeholders and meet societal expectations. This over-arching vision of the company is expressively captured in its corporate positioning statement: â€Å"Enduring Value. For the Nation. For the Shareholder. † ITC was incorporated on August 24, 1910 under the name o f ‘Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited'. ITC had a humble beginning and in the initial days it used to operate from a leased office on Radha Bazar Lane, Kolkata.On its 16th birthday on August 24, 1926, ITC purchased the plot of land situated at 37, Chowringhee, (now renamed J. L. Nehru Road) Kolkata. Two years later companies headquarter building; ‘Virginia House' came on that plot. Progressively the ownership of the company Indianised and the name of the Company were changed to I. T. C. Limited in 1974. In recognition of the Company's multi-business portfolio encompassing a wide range of businesses, the full stops in the Company's name were removed effective September 18, 2001 and the Company was rechristened as ‘ITC Limited'.ITC is a board-managed professional company, committed to creating enduring value for the shareholder and for the nation. It has a rich organisational culture rooted in its core values of respect for people and belief in empowerment. It s philosophy of all-round value creation is backed by strong corporate governance policies and systems. ITC’s corporate strategies are: * Create multiple drivers of growth by developing a portfolio of world class businesses that best matches organisational capability with opportunities in domestic and export markets. Continue to focus on the chosen portfolio of FMCG, Hotels, Paper, Paperboards & Packaging, Agri Business and Information Technology. * Benchmark the health of each business comprehensively across the criteria of Market Standing, Profitability and Internal Vitality. * Ensure that each of its businesses is world class and internationally competitive. * Enhance the competitive power of the portfolio through synergies derived by blending the diverse skills and capabilities residing in ITC are various businesses. Create distributed leadership within the organisation by nurturing talented and focused top management teams for each of the businesses. * Continuously stren gthen and refine Corporate Governance processes and systems to catalyse the entrepreneurial energies of management by striking the golden balance between executive freedom and the need for effective control and accountability. I. T. C and its diversified businesses: Cigarettes: ITC is the market leader in cigarettes in India and has a wide range of popular brands such as Insignia, India Kings, Classic, Gold Flake, Silk Cut, Navy Cut, Scissors, Capstan, Berkeley, Bristol and Flake in its ortfolio. Packaging: ITC's Packaging ; Printing Business is the country's largest convertor of paperboard into packaging. It was set up in 1925 as a strategic backward integration for ITC's Cigarettes business. It offers a variety of value-added packaging solutions for the food ; beverage, personal products, cigarette, liquor, cellular phone and IT packaging industries. Hotels: ITC entered the hotels business in 1975 with the acquisition of a hotel in Chennai, which was rechristened Hotel Chola. Toda y ITC-Welcomgroup with over 70 hotels is one of the foremost hotel chains in India.Paperboards: In 1979, ITC entered the Paperboards business by promoting ITC Bhadrachalam Paperboards. ITC's Paperboards business has a manufacturing capacity of over 360,000 tonnes per year and is a market leader in India across all carton-consuming segments. Greeting, Gifting & Stationery: ITC's stationery brands â€Å"Paper Kraft† ; â€Å"Classmate† are widely distributed brands across India. The Paperkraft designer stationery range consists of notepads ; multi subject notebooks in hard, soft covers ; multiple binding formats including spirals, wiros etc.ITC's Greeting & Gifting products include Expressions range of greeting cards and gifting products. Safety Matches: ITC's brands of safety matches include iKno, Mangaldeep, VaxLit, Delite and Aim. The Aim is the largest selling brand of Safety Matches in India. ITC also exports premium brands to markets such as Europe, Africa and the U SA. Aggarbattis: ITC has launched Mangaldeep brand of Aggarbattis with a wide range of fragrances like Rose, Jasmine, Bouquet, Sandalwood, Madhur, Durbar, Tarangini, Anushri, Ananth and Mogra.Mangaldeep is also being exported to USA, UAE, Bahrain, Nepal, Singapore, Malaysia, Oman and South Africa. Lifestyle Retailing: ITC entered the Lifestyle Retailing business with the Wills Sport range of international quality relaxed wear for men and women in 2000. The Wills Lifestyle chain of exclusive stores later expanded its range to include Wills Classic formal wear (2002) and Wills Clublife evening wear (2003). In 2002, ITC entered into the popular segment with its men's wear brand, John Players.In 2005, ITC introduced Essenza Di Wills, an exclusive line of prestige fragrance products. Food: ITC made its entry into the branded & packaged Foods business in August 2001 with the launch of the â€Å"Kitchens of India† brand. In 2002 it expanded into Confectionery, Staples and Snack Food s segments. ITC's brand in Food category includes: Kitchens of India, Aashirvaad, Sunfeast, Mint-O, Candyman, and Bingo! Agri Exports: ITC's International Business Division (IBD) is the country's second largest exporter of agri-products.ITC exports Feed Ingredients (Soyameal), Food grains (Rice, Wheat, and Pulses), Coffee ; Spices, Edible Nuts, Marine Products, and Processed Fruits. E-choupal: The e-Choupal model of ITC has been very effective in tackling the challenges posed by the unique features of Indian agriculture, characterized by fragmented farms, weak infrastructure and the involvement of numerous intermediaries. Board of Directors | Y. C. Deveshwar (Chairman) Executive Director Nakul Anand P. V. DhobaleK. N. Grant Non-Executive Directors A BaijalS.BanarjeeAV Girija Kumar S H KhanS B MathurD K Mehrotra H G PowellP B RamanujamAnthony Ruys Basudeb SenK. VaidyanathB Vijayraghavan Award Winning ITC ITC constantly endeavours to benchmark its products, services and processes to g lobal standards. The Company's pursuit of excellence has earned it national and international honours. ITC is one of the eight Indian companies to figure in Forbes A-List for 2004, featuring 400 of â€Å"the world's best big companies†. Forbes has also named ITC among Asia's Fab 50†² and the World's Most Reputable Companies.ITC has several firsts to its credit: ITC is the first from India and among the first 10 companies in the world to publish its Sustainability Report in compliance (at the highest A+ level) with the latest G3 guidelines of the Netherlands-based Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), a UN-backed, multitask holder international initiative to develop and disseminate globally applicable Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. ITC is the first Indian company and the second in the world to win the prestigious Development Gateway Award.It won the $100,000 Award for the year 2005 for its trailblazing ITC e-Choupal initiative which has achieved the scale of a movement in rural India. The Development Gateway Award recognizes ITC's e-Choupal as the most exemplary contribution in the field of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for development during the last 10 years. ITC e-Choupal won the Award for the importance of its contribution to development priorities like poverty reduction, its scale and reliability, sustainability and transparency.ITC has won the inaugural ‘World Business Award', the worldwide business award recognizing companies who have made significant efforts to create sustainable livelihood opportunities and enduring wealth in developing countries. The award has been instituted jointly by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the HRH Prince of Wales International Business Leaders Forum (IBLF). ITC is the first Corporate to receive the Annual FICCI Outstanding Vision Corporate Triple Impact Award in 2007 for its invaluable contribution capital for the nation.IT C has won the Golden Peacock Awards for ‘Corporate Social Responsibility (Asia)' in 2007, the Award for ‘CSR in Emerging Economies 2005’ and ‘Excellence in Corporate Governance' in the same year. These Awards have been instituted by the Institute of Directors, New Delhi, in association with the World Council for Corporate Governance and Centre for Corporate Governance. The Company's Green Leaf Threshing plants at Chirala and Anaparti in Andhra Pradesh are the first units of their kind in the world to get ISO 14001-environment management systems certification.ITC's cigarette factory in Kolkata is the first such unit in India to get ISO 9000 quality certification and the first among cigarette factories in the world to be awarded the ISO 14001 certification ITC Maurya in New Delhi is the first hotel in India to get the coveted ISO 14001 Environment Management Systems certification. ITC Filtrona is the first cigarette filter company in the world to obtain ISO 14 001 ITC InfoTech finds pride of place among a select group of SEI CMM Level 5 companies in the world.ITC's Green Leaf Threshing plant in Chirala is the first in India and among the first 10 units in the world to bag the Social Accountability (SA 8000) certification ITC Chairman Y C Deveshwar has received several honors over the years. Notable among them are: Year| Award| | | 2007| SAM/SPG Sustainability Leadership Award conferred at the International Sustainability Leadership Symposium, Zurich. | 2006| Business Person of the Year from UK Trade & Investment, the UK Government organisation that supports overseas businesses in that country. 2006| Inducted into the `Hall of Pride' by the 93rd Indian Science Congress| 2005| Honoured with the Teacher's Lifetime Achievement Award| 2001| Manager Entrepreneur of the Year from Ernst & Young Retail Visionary of the Year from Images, India's only fashion and retail trade magazine| 1998| Honorary Fellowship from the All India Management Associat ion| 1996| Distinguished Alumni Award from IIT, Delhi | 1994| Marketing Man of the Year from A&M, the leading marketing magazine| 1986| Meridian Hotelier of the Year| Some of the other notable recognitions are:The Stockholm Challenge 2006 for the e-Choupal initiative. This award is for using Information Technology for the economic development of rural communities. The Corporate Social Responsibility Crown Award for Water Practices from UNESCO and Water Digest for its distinguished work carried out in the water sector in India. ITC also received the National Award for Excellence in Water Management 2007 in the ‘beyond the fence' category from the CII Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre for its leadership role in implementing water and watershed management practices.The watershed programme also won the Asian CSR Award 2007 for Environmental Excellence given by the Asian Institute of Management. The Award recognizes and honours Asian companies for outstanding, innovative and wo rld-class projects. The Company also received the Ryutaro Hashimoto Incentive Prize 2007 for Environment & Development from the Asia Pacific Forum. This Award aims at promoting information dissemination of good practices towards sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific region.The Readers' Digest Pegasus Award for corporate social responsibility, recognizing outstanding work done by socially conscious companies. The Corporate Award for Social Responsibility 2008 from The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) in recognition of its exemplary initiatives in implementing integrated watershed development programmes across 7 states in India. The company also won the award in 2004 for its e-Choupal initiative. The Award provides impetus to sustainable development and encourages ongoing social responsibility processes within the corporate sector.The ‘Enterprise Business Transformation Award' for Asia Pacific (Apac), instituted by Infosys Technologies and Wharton School of the Univer sity of Pennsylvania for its celebrated e-Choupal initiative. The Business Today Award for the Best Managed Company in recognition of its outstanding initiatives in the consumer products segment. The only Indian FMCG company to have featured in the Forbes 2000 list. The Forbes 2000 is a comprehensive ranking of the world's biggest companies, measured by a composite of sales, profits, assets and market value. The list spans 51 countries and 27 industries.The NDTV Profit Business Leadership Award for being the Best Food Company of 2007. The Award has been instituted to recognize organizational excellence. The CNBC-TV18's International Trade Award 2008 for Outstanding Exporter of the Year in the FMCG & Food category. ITC continues its dominance of The Economic Times' Brand Equity listing of India's 100 Biggest FMCG Brands, with three brands from its stable making it to the top five. Gold Flake remains India's biggest FMCG brand in terms of sales. Navy Cut ranks at No. 4. ITC's Scissors brand ranks at No 5 and is the only new entrant into the top 10.Restaurant magazine has chosen Bukhara at the ITC Maurya, New Delhi as the best Indian restaurant in the world and the best restaurant in Asia. Bukhara has also been adjudged one of the top 50 restaurants in the world by the London based magazine ‘The Good Food Guide'. Bukhara is the only South Asian restaurant to figure in the list. The â€Å"Best Supply Chain Practices Award† for time-effective and cost-efficient Logistics Management in Organized Retail to ITC's Lifestyle Retailing Business Division (LRBD) Indian Snack Industry Snacks are a part of Consumer Convenience/ Packaged Foods segment.Snack is described as a small quantity of food eaten between meals or in place of a meal. Snack food generally comprises bakery products, ready-to-eat mixes, chips, namkeen and other light processed foods According to the ministry of food processing, the snack food industry is worth Rs 100 billion in value and over 4,00,000 tonnes in terms of volume. Though very large and diverse, the snacks industry is dominated by the unorganized sector. According to an Apeda survey almost 1,000 snack items and 300 types of savories are sold across India. The branded snacks are sold at least 25% higher than the unbranded products.Savory snacks have been a part of Indian food habit, since almost ages. Though there is no particular time for snacks, normally they are consumed at teatime. The variety is almost mind-boggling with specialties from all regions, which have gained national acceptance. The industry has been growing around 10% for the last three years, while the branded segment is growing around 25% per annum to stand at Rs 5,000-Rs 5,500 crore, due to various reasons like Multiplex culture, snacking at home while watching TV, pubs and bars (where they are served free).AC Nielsen's retail audit shows that the large sales volumes are due to a marked preference for ethnic foods, regional bias towards ind igenous snacks and good value-for-money perception. Of course the branded segment is much smaller at Rs 2,200 crore, which is what makes it so attractive to food Companies that are looking at bigger shares. In the branded snacks market, to get down to basics, Frito Lay commands a share of 45%, followed by Haldiram’s at 27% and ITC at 16%. The rest is divided between a handful of new entrants, wannabes and many regional players.Of the wide range of snacks available, potato chips constitute a sizeable segment of the Indian snack food industry, according to India Infoline. The potato chip market is generally an unorganized industry. Nearly all potato chip snack products are manufactured and sold locally. There is also no uniform standard for packaging, as there is in Europe, the United States and other more developed regions. Many snack foods are sold loose or packaged in poly-pouches, which may only be folded, or in some cases, stapled closed.As the Indian economy continues to grow, and production standards improve, many snack food companies are making significant investments into plant equipment and packaging machinery. Potato-based snacks, and in particular potato chips, are the largest product segment, holding an 85%-share of the salty snack market Pepsi Foods Ltd. , now known as Frito-Lay India Ltd. , produces India's largest snack food manufacturers’ brands, including Ruffles, Hostess, Cheetos and Uncle Chips. Frito Lay's story is an example of how American recipes were adjusted to satisfy local tastes.Procter & Gamble's Pringles brand of potato crisp was launched in Delhi in 1999. Pringles is also a baked potato crisp, unlike many other potato based Indian snack foods that are fried. P&G currently imports the Pringles product and therefore the product has been priced at a premium and is marketed to a micro-niche. Also to be kept in mind, organized sector is growing at 15 -20 per cent a year, and unorganized sector is growing at 7-8 per cent. Project Objectives 1. Find and know everything on Bingo 2. Find out about the competitor Lays . To find out the key points of difference in the process of Distribution & selling, and of Bingo and Lays. 4. To understand the workings of DS (Distributor Salesman) 5. To understand the workings of Supervisor 6. To check and achieve visibility, availability and quality distribution across the identified target outlet. 7. To know and evaluate the response of retailer about the product. 8. To understand the details of Order Booking and Ready stocking. 9. To find out the key points where Lays has the edge over Bingo 10.To identify the areas, methods, ideas that can help in increasing Bingo’s sales. Research Methodology It includes the response of Bingo Snacks from retailers at retail outlets with respect to its competitors. It also includes the responses of competitor Frito-Lays from various sources. Work at retail outlets: 1) To check the availability of products. 2) To check visibil ity of products. 3) SWOT analysis of products. 4) To check how old the product is. 5) To trace the complaints regarding the product. 6) Identifying what would the factor to increase sale.Data collection technique: – 1) Interview with retailers, customers, distributors, and company officials of ITC. 2) Interview with distributors and company officials of Frito-Lays 3) Primary data via 1) Questionnaire, 2) Observation, 3) Interview 4) Secondary data from, 1) Newspaper, 2) Internet Sampling Plan: – Sample size100 Retailers Sample SegmentationOn the basis Location, & Type of Outlet. Sampling AreaAndheri(includes Andheri East and West, Jogeshweri East & West, Juhu, Irla, J.P. Road, Lalubhai, A. K. Road, Sahar Road,Sher e Punjab, Mahakali, Chakala, Takshila, Lokhandwala, Shastri Nagar, Veera Desai Road, Bhawani Nagar, Marol Military Road, Vile Parle East & West) BINGO! No Confusion Great Combination About Bingo The Bingo brand of chips was launched by    ITC on 14th March 2007 with an aim to capture at least 25 percent market share of the Rs 2000 crore branded snack market within five yrs.The launch is symbolic of ITC Foods' distinct approach of introducing innovative and differentiated products in a largely undifferentiated market place. Bingo’s launch was strategically timed around the World Cup. The idea was to get the consumer to take that first bite. This was an extremely ambitious target according to observers as the market was dominated by the Frito Lay group (owned by Pepsi Co) with a slew of brands like Lays, Kurkure and Uncle Chipps holding 50 per cent of the market share. The other was the Haldiram group with 25 percent of the market share.Bingo’s portfolio includes an array of products in both Potato Chips & Finger Snacks segment. Bingo! is positioned as a youthful and innovative snack, offering the consumers a choice of flavours that are fast becoming popular. Bingo used combination of leveraging synergies, building on cons umer insights and high decibel advertising can win the game. The company leveraged its existing distribution network and relationship established with farmers. Its earlier foray into categories like atta and biscuits had already given it access to the supply chain.ITC Food’s salted snack brand Bingo continues to tickle consumer taste buds with new variants. The latest to hit the shelves is Tangles, the fourth in its portfolio, after Bingo potato chips, Bingo Tedhe Medhe and Bingo Mad Angles. The product, which took two years to develop, will be launched in select markets in north and south India, before being scaled up nationally. The market for ‘western’ format of snacking is fairly nascent in India, and the addition of variants, the company hopes, will help create â€Å"new pegs of loyalty†. In snack food, consumers are always looking for change, and as a brand we strive to provide this through a unique mix of taste, bite and shapes,† says Chittara njan Dar, CEO, ITC Foods. To begin with, Tangles will be available in a unique pillow pack shape, in two flavours, Masala and Tomato. Subsequently, Tangles will be extended to regional flavours. Bingo, which is estimated to be worth Rs 650-700 crore, is expected to break even this year, say analysts. Since its launch in 2007, the brand has given stiff competition to market leader Pepsi.While Pepsi brands Lays and Kurkure lead by a huge margin, their shares have taken a hit in recent months. According to Nielsen 2010 data, Lays potato wafers reported a drop in share from 48 to 45 per cent, and Kurkure witnessed a 3 per cent decline in market share between January-December 2009 to January-December 2010. On the other hand, Bingo’s potato chips have notched a 1 per cent increase in share, whereas its sub-brands in the bridge category like Tedhe Medhe and Mad Angles have seen a small rise in market share.Other players in the snack food arena are mostly Indian players such as Parle Products, Haldiram and Balaji Namkin, besides a host of local and regional brands. The launch of Tangles is in line with the company’s strategy to focus on the ‘bridge segment’. Dar explains, â€Å"Today, potato chips represent almost 70 per cent of snack food consumption, with the bridge category still small. In the next few years, we expect the numbers to reverse. That’s because Indians are used to snacking alternatives as each region in India has its own snack options. With Tangles, ITC will adopt a similar route to communication and distribution as it did for the other Bingo variants. The new television commercial for Tangles, slated to be on air in a month, will continue to flog the ‘youth’ plank. On the distribution front, the company will invest in sampling and providing innovative racks to trade. Dar admits that unlike biscuits, sales of chips in rural areas is still a very small part of the market. Bingo currently reaches 5. 5 lakh outlets and it aims to increase it by 2 lakh every year. So is a health variant on Dar’s wishlist?He is not blind to the opportunity, but notes in a category like snacks, where consumption happens in small quantities, the health proposition needs to be weaved in with taste. Variants/Flavours Bingo! Potato Chips| | Potato Chips – Variants|   |   Ã‚  Product Description| | Premium Salted|   | Salted crunchy potato chips| | International Cream N Onion|   | Unique combination of cheese, cream and spring onion on potato Chips| | Red Chilli Bijli|   | Potato chips spiced up with red-hot chillies| | Spicy Masala Remix|   | A mix of spicy masalas on potato chips. | Juicy Tomato Ketchup|   | Succulent, ripe tomatoes on crisp and crunchy potato chips| | Pickle Tickle|   | Tongue-tickling combination of achaari lemons and potato chips| | Fiery Red Tomato|   | Potato Chips smeared with dry red chillies and juicy red tomatoes| | Oye Pudina|   | Combination of cr unchy potato chips and sprinkling of fresh Pudina leaves| | Bingo! Mad Angles –†har angles se Mmmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ One of the biggest successes from the Bingo! portfolio, Bingo! Mad Angles has carved a niche for itself in the consumers mind and is synonymous with the perfect triangular snack.A combination of innovative flavours on a traditional khakra base, Mad Angles is a snack that is true to taste and perfect flavour delivery as well as shape, making it a snack that’s truly†har angles se Mmmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ What's new? Bingo! brings you the chaat flavour that you can savour without having to stop by the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"gali ka chaatwala†. Let your fingers dive in to the perfect combination of the taste of fresh pudina, tangy tamarind, creamy yogurt and of course, the crunchiness of khakra triangles. Available in packs of Rs. 5, Rs. 10 and Rs. 20, the new Bingo!Mad Angles Masti Chaat now adds to the excitement of Mad Angles range from Bingo! Bingo! Mad Angles| | Mad Angles Variants|   |   Ã‚  Product Description| | Mad Angles Tomato Mischief|   | A combination of khakra-like crunchy triangles with tangy tomato flavour| | Mad Angles Chilli Dhamaka|   | Crunchy triangles with a taste of chillies| | Mad Angles Achaari Masti|   | Mouth-watering combination of Mad Angles and   sweet-sour mango pickle| | Mad Angles Masti Chaat|   | A chaat flavor that you can savour without having to stop by the galli ka  chaatwaala.The perfect combination of fresh pudina, tangy tamarind, creamy yogurt and of course, the perfection of  khakra  triangles. | | | | Bingo! TanglesThe latest addition to the Bingo! portfolio is Bingo! Tangles in masala and tomato flavours. Each piece of this innovative crunchy snack is made out of strands loaded with lip smacking masala or tantalizing tomato flavours. Once bitten, they break into many more delicious strands in the mouth. | ‘Be A Little Dillogical’ About Lay’s Brand HistoryLayà ¢â‚¬â„¢s, the world’s largest and favourite snack food brand, has steadily established itself as an indispensable part of India’s snacking culture since its launch in 1995. With its irresistible taste, international and Indian flavours and youth-centric imagery, Lay’s has established itself as a youth brand and continues to grow in the hearts and mind of its consumers. Over the years, Lay’s has become known for its engaging and innovative promotions and campaigns. The brand known for its ‘No one can eat just one’ campaign has moved its positioning to ‘What’s the programme? making Lay’s ‘the main food of every programme‘! Frito-Lay India Ltd. produces India's largest snack food manufacturer’s brands, including Ruffles, Hostess, Cheetos and Uncle Chips. Frito Lay's story is an example of how American recipes were adjusted to satisfy local tastes. Saif Ali Khan has been the face of the brand for over five y ears, and has recently been joined by the captain of the Indian cricket team M. S. Dhoni. Both embody the youthful energy and appeal of the brand.In 2008, Lay’s launched the never-before ‘Fight for Your Flavour’ allowing consumers to vote for the flavour of their choice. The flavour with the maximum votes would continue in the market. The flavours have been selected by the Lay’s brand ambassadors Saif Ali Khan and M. S. Dhoni with each celebrity rooting for the flavour of their choice. In November 2008, Lay’s made yet another innovative breakthrough –  the Chip-n-Sauce pack. This first-to-market pack has been launched for cricket lovers as they settle in their seats to savour the best sporting action of the season.The Lay’s Chip-n-Sauce large pack comes in two unique flavours – Chilli Chinese with a Schezwan Sauce sachet and Chatpata Indian with a Tamarind Sauce sachet inside the pack. In June 2009, Lay’s launched its n ew positioning platform: ‘Lay’s – Be a Little Dillogical’. The new Dillogical concept makes an instant connect with youth caught between the desire to succeed and the desire to remain engaged with certain moments that offer a deep emotional fulfilment. This friction is like a game between the heart and the head, a struggle between what you want to do and what you have to do.It’s all about making things that matter to the heart, happen. The new platform has been launched with a series of ads built around the universal consumer struggle between what the mind asks one to do and what the heart desires. A powerful 360 degree approach supports the new TVC, and has indeed prompted consumers to be a little Dillogical. WINNING FLAVOUR Lay’s, the world and India’s No 1 potato chips brand from Frito-Lay India, is all set to provide some new lip smacking tastes to its consumers. The four short listed flavors from a whopping 1. million ideas came f rom four winning consumers, each of whom gets Rs 5 lakh for their dillogical flavor ideas. Cheesy Mexicana, Tangy Twist, Mastana Mango and Hip Hop Honey & Chilly from a three-month long Give Us Your Delicious Flavor (GUYDF) campaign. The four flavors will be sold in the market across India for the next two months with the theme bachega sirf tastiest (survival of the tastiest). The flavor that elicits the maximum consumer votes will not only continue to stay in the market as the mega winner, but its ideator would be awarded a grand prize of Rs 50 lakh and 1% of sales revenue.KurKure Brand History: Launched in 1999, this perfect ‘namkeen’ snack, developed entirely in India, has come to be identified with fun and lovable human quirks. It developed an even stronger identity through associations with celebrities like Juhi Chawla (2003) and Kareena Kapoor (2008), well-known Indian actors. Brand Promise: Kurkure is a crunchy new-age namkeen snack brand which symbolizes light-h earted fun. Embodying the spirit of India, Kurkure has found a home in millions of hearts and minds and enjoys the position of a strong Lovemark brand in India.Juhi’s vibrant and fun-loving personality complements and embodies the essence of Kurkure. Over the years, Kurkure has journeyed effortlessly from being a snack with a twist to becoming an integral part of India’s teatime menu and an embodiment of endearing human ‘imperfections’ or ‘tedhapan’. Innovations Kurkure has constantly re-invented itself to sustain its relevance to Indian culture and the Indian ethos. Not only does Kurkure provide an inimitable taste and superior quality, it has also brought fame and happiness to many through its ‘Chai-time-achievers’ face on pack initiative.Kurkure Desi Beats: Kurkure Desi Beats is an exciting new range of crunchy triangular snacks in irresistible Indian flavours. This newly launched youth-oriented sub-brand personifies our inhere nt ‘Desi’ spirit and gives one the license to be Desi. Desi Beats celebrates the contemporary Indian youth who straddles both tradition and modernity and is confident of his Indian identity. VARIANTS OF FRITO LAYS CHIPS| Kurkure| Uncle chips| Aliva| 1. Spanish tangy tomato| 1. Masala munch| 1. Spicy treat| 1. Special | 2. American cream and onion| 2. Chili chatka| 2. Chatpata Masala| 2.Special tomato| 3. Classic salted| 3. Funjabi(rajma)| Others | 3. Special salted| 4. Magic Masala| 4. Rajhasthani| Desi beats| 4. Special mint| Winning flavours| 5. Hyderabadi| | New| 5. Hip hop honey| 6. Solid masti twist| | 5. Cream & herb| 6. Cheesy Mexicana| 7. Solid masti khatta-mittha| | 6. Pizza Blast| 7. Tangy twist| 8. Dewana tomato desi beat| | 7. Sweet Chilly| 8. Mastana mango| 9. Flirty lime| | 8. Apple Delight| | 10. Naughty tomato| | 9. Milk Minis Sugar Vanilla| Competition among the variants of Bingo and Lays Chips| | 1. Spicy Masala remix| Chilly Mexicana| . International cream onion| American cream and onion| 3. Juicy tomato ketchup| Spanish tangy tomato| 4. Red chili bingo| Magic Masala| 5. Premium salted| Classic salted| Bridges | | 6. Mad angle tomato| Kurkure Dewana tomato| 7. Mad angle chilli| Kurkure chili chatka| 8. Mad angle achari| Kurkure Rajhasthani| 9. Hatke-Jhatke Funky| Kurkure Funjabi| 10. Hatke-Jhatke Tomato| Kurkure Naughty Tomato| 11. Tedhe-Medhe| Kurkure Masala Munch| Market Pattern (India) S. W. O. T Analysis of Bingo Strengths 1. Excellent branding and advertising on TVCs and print ads 2.Great variety of flavours gives customers options 3. Reasonable pricing ensures spontaneous purchase 4. Strong backing of ITC Limited brand name Weakness 1. A slight gap in demand and supply on bingo 2. Lacking in infrastructure as compared to Lays 3. Shallow penetration 4. Not well trained and inexperienced salesman Opportunity 1. Leverage successful brand ITC, especially Atta and biscuits 2. Advertise more to attract target group 3. Buy out sm aller competition and tie-ups with resort, food chains Threat 1. Threat from local substitute snacks 2.Balaji’s strategy – winner in terms of quantity Observation at W. D. Point a. The WD point is very well connected to all the nearby areas/locality/potential b. ITC use software that is called SIFY to prepare bills and detail information product wise, variant wise, summarize sales reports are make in the help of this software. Format of sales report code of the goods are in this. c. ITC gives 3. 5% margin to his distributors and d. ITC bears vehicle cost. e. CALCULATION OF PRICE TO RETALIER (PTR) = f. MAXIMUM RETAIL PRICE ( MRP) 100 + % MARGIN g. Basic terms LC: Line cutBC: Bill Cut UBO: Unique Bill Outlet ABV: Average bill value CFC: Collaret Fibre Container ABC: Average Bill Cut ALC: Average Line Cut TDP: Temporary Dispatch Time h. The salesman here lack the competent skills and they are not so knowledgeable about the product and the variants i. They lack persuasion and convincing technique j. Majority are inexperienced because they are new k. It has been observed that a lot of time is wasted in loading the stock in the vehicles and getting the stocks billed l. Salesman turnover ratio is high. Findings I. Works assigned wereTo check the availability, visibility and DND (if any) of Bingo at retail outlet. While doing this, I understood about distribution and stocking process at WD (Wholesale Distributor) point which are as follows: A) Ordering Booking Process B) Ready Stock Process. From the above mentioned works assigned and the objectives given, the Retailer point of view was clear II. To collect information of Frito-Lays and analyze the data thereafter. For that I have interviewed Frito-Lays distributors and company official i. e. Chetna Traders III. In order to overcome weakness, my recommendations and contributions.In the duration of my project I used to visit the market daily, in the initial 7 days as a DS (distributor salesmen) and from t he 8th day onwards as a supervisor with DS and analyze the market of ITC Bingo and Frito-Lays. While checking availability and visibility of Bingo snacks at Retail Outlets I came across following observations: 1) ITC has a good mix of traditional and modern type of distribution channel. 2) The response of customer towards Bingo is positive. 3) At major outlets the sale is good. 4) At big retailers there is a huge demand 5) Like Bingo there is only one Distributor for Lays in Andheri – Chetna Traders ) Small ‘Kirana’ shops and retailer get confused among the variants of Bingo! 7) All the shops where Lay’s and Bingo are not present, Balaji has dominated. 8) Shopkeepers ask for more credit even if they have and are already on credit 9) The total coverage of ITC Bingo snacks falls very short in comparison to Frito-Lays. 10) The problem is the lack of coverage and infrastructure 11) Lack of competent advertisement. 12) Bingo Lacking the Infrastructure 13) Balaj i is also a cut throat competitor 14) Lays have fixed PTRs 15) Balaji who who hardly spends on rack and nets also has PTRs and schemes 6) Parts of Jogeshwari, IRLA, lalubhai, Marol Military road are dominated by Balaji and then Lays 17) Unlike Lays and Balaji, Bingo faces a gap in demand and supply. 18) All the variants are never available at the W. D. point Analysis & Interpretation Demand of Bingo Interpretation: 1. The demand for Bingo is good and increasing because – Bingo! Is positioned as a youthful and innovative snack, offering the consumers with choice in terms of both formats and flavors including Local tastes. 2. Also because the name is catchy, easy to pronounce, recallable, trendy. 3. Bingo identifies itself as a brand which is youthful, fun and colorfulCriteria kept in mind when Retailers sell Bingo Interpretation: 1. After having a face to face communication with the retailers it was observed that the major influence they see in the buying pattern of the consum ers is that the consumers go for quality first then the size. 2. Similarly the criteria that the retailers keep in mind is at first the quality then the size but also the margin, because there a lot stiffness among the competitors and their schemes and offers. 3. In low income areas/slum areas retailers prefer to go for Balaji to any other because the consumers there go for the size/ quantity 4.The big and organized retailer go for the quality and Margin 5. Giving competition to Lays Interpretation: 1. Lays has revamped its branding strategy with new promotions featuring actress like Juhi Chawla, Kareena Kapoor etc. 2. About 35 AC BEST buses in Mumbai and metro in Kolkata are now branded by Kurkure 3. But Bingo has managed to do a dent in Lays market share. Is the fact that ITC spend close to 3 years researching, finding and analyzing the Finger snack segment to come up with its own indigenous variety responsible for Bingo's success. Problems faced to sell ITC BingoInterpretation: 1 . Brand Loyalty of Lays customer is posing threat to Bingo 2. Stagnant Market Share 3. Unawareness of the variety of flavours introduced by Bingo 4. Threats of local players like Balaji, Haldiram and Diamond Effect on sales by improving infrastructure Interpretation: 1. ITC was the first one to introduce racks which has helped them to achieve a considerable increase in terms of sales and visibility and availability. 2. Lays has heavier promotional activities, better infrastructure as it has modified racks which gives the advantage of keeping more stock 3.It is noted that Lays keeps on bringing in new packet ranges which Bingo does not. For e. g. the Rs 15 packets, Rs 30 packet and combo offer of 4 packets of Rs 20 each for Rs 60 4. Lays has more racks than Bingo Convincing the customer to purchase Bingo Interpretation: 1. The convincing is not required because Bingo has maintained the quality throughout since its launch 2. It is in good competition with Lays 3. Consumers can easily recall the brand and the product Rating Bingo and Lays Interpretation: 1. It can be seen from the data that at some stages Bingo is at par with the market leader Lays 2.Lays has a better and deeper penetration. 3. Lays has more salesman as compared to Bingo’s 4. Consumer’s point of view – Lays has many and clearly distinguished flavours Rack availability of Bingo as compared to Lays Comparing Bingo! To Lay’s 1. It is difficult to make out the flavour from seeing the colour of the packing which is not the case with Lays 2. Lays penetration is deep, and they have done it by reducing the demand supply gap and arranging better visibility by providing racks more than competitors. 3. Lays also gets the upper hand because it keeps on coming with new schemes, for e. g. hey give 4 Rs20 packet for Rs 60, we have no such schemes 4. Lays even has modified racks, customized to hold/contain more packets, this is some good strategy keeping in mind that it was ITC who ha d come up with the rack system. 5. Lays has a higher demand as compared to Bingo because of its promotion, they have characters in their advertisement which public/consumers can recollect even at a later stage e. g. Saif Ali Khan, M. S Dhoni whereas in Bingo we do not have such concept. Although it is noticeable but after having a considerable interaction with the retailer this is the most common topic they had put up. 6.The major difference between Lays and Bingo is that Lay’s as a brand has related itself to cricket. Relating to cricket is the promotion strategy in which the brand relates itself to the events and experience, and in Mumbai or in Maharashtra or in whole of India cricket mean mass, this way Lays already has a strong grip than Bingo. 7. Lays have a better, stronger and an efficient distribution system, talking in terms of availability of product then Lays is always available where Bingo falls short here as the stock is sometimes available and sometimes not caus ing inconsistency in the availability of the product. 8.Though it can be stated that because Lays has been in the market for a much longer period than Bingo so it has the brand advantage but Bingo still lags way behind in the a competent distribution process 9. Lays has 30% more rack installed than Bingo, making it the prime reason for the retailer to buy the product Porters 5 forces Model Threat of new entry: * As the market is growing at 30 percent annually, new entrants may consider it a profitable venture * As branded players are priced similarly, new players might penetrate by adopting a lower price or by offering more quantity at the same price (Balaji-strategy) New players with a distinct USP and marketing strategy may find it easier to enter the market (Bingo Strategy) * Unorganized players still account for half of the total wafer segment, thereby discouraging market entry * Veteran players such as Fritolay, Haldiram etc enjoy economies of scale, well-established distributi on and good distributor relations. Competitive Rivalry: * High Competition – Branded Players involved in cut-throat competition to increase market share, entice new consumers, find new markets * Low Quality differences among branded players. Quality difference between branded and unbranded offerings is offset by low price offered by unbranded players * Cost of switching is low as all players have a similar pricing strategy * Brand Loyalty is high for branded players Bargaining power of suppliers * Suppliers provide raw materials such as potatoes, spices and other ingredients. * Their ability to raise input costs is high. * Higher cost of input commodities leads to lower margins, making the market unattractive for distributors and retailers (in an already low-margin, high-volume market) Shortage of any input material may also affect production and thereby impact distribution. * Veteran players like Fritolay and ITC already have a well- established network of suppliers. ITCâ₠¬â„¢s e-choupal venture permits a steady supply of raw materials at the lowest price. Bargaining power of Buyers * Frito-Lay enjoys a healthy lead with a 45 percent market share for its portfolio of products * Competitor differentiation is in terms of variants and communication. * Ability to substitute is high as brands are priced similarly and distribution problems for one brand promote sales for the other. Price Sensitivity is high. An increase in the price of Lays may promote a switch to Bingo for most buyers (except for loyalists) * Threat of substitutes: * Indian Snack Segment is high-volume, low-involvement driven (thrives on impulse buy) * All snacks are considered to be substitutes of each other * Biscuits, Wafers and local snacks like Chakli, banana chips, Farsan etc are all substitutes of one another Recommendations/Suggestions 1. For distribution different vehicles should be used which has opening from 3 sides because a lot of time is wasted in the unloading the particula r order 2.The market report should be prepared more thoroughly 3. The routes should be predefined and the salesman should not mix up the routes 4. Some routes are very small to be covered for order booking for Bingo like IRLA Market so it can be combined with Lalubhai market 5. There should be less variations in giving different schemes to multiple shopkeepers as they eventually come to know about the schemes given to other shopkeepers and then they raise their demand to either reduce net rates or give additional schemes 6.Bingo can come up with different shapes of packaging in small areas where there is more sale of Rs 5 packet e. g. triangular packs, as they do not need racks to be put in because different packaging always attracts consumers. 7. Should increase the size of Rs 5 packets, because this is the main reason for less sale of Bingo, on the other hand Balaji is also tough competitor in terms of quantity 8. Company can opt for seasonal promotions because the sales in the mo nth of May-June are very low because the schools are closed. 9.Gift packs or combos with 4-5 flavours can be introduced in this period only 10. Posters on buses and trains can be done for e. g. the way Fanta has utilized the opportunity on local trains of Mumbai 11. Brand ambassadors should be introduced because Bingo has almost completed 5 years in the market, brand ambassadors because people can then relate to the brand and or the product 12. Also because Lay’s our prime competitor has quite some good brand ambassadors like Saif Ali Khan, M. S. Dhoni 13. Relating Bingo to current burning topics, the same way AMUL does in print ads. 4. Having too many flavours is causing some problem because the customers and even the retailer are not able to differentiate between different variants. 15. Even though it’s a good strategy as people are forced to try each flavour, the ones which are not going good in the market should be removed from the company’s portfolio. 16. T his would reduce the problem of confusion amongst the consumers. Conclusion From the survey of the retailers and the market comparison following conclusions can be drawn 1. Bingo’s sale has noticably increased by providing good infrastructure . Retailers put Bingo next to Lays which is a market leader 3. Such an brand image has to created which creates a lasting image, which can be done by introducing a couple of brand ambassadors 4. Lays still has the upper hand because it has been in the market for a longer time as compared to Bingo 5. Improving the distribution level to meet up the competition given by lays is the only way to cover up the demand suppy gap 6. Though Bingo is of good quality as noticed but it is yet to meet International Standards to give more stiff competition to Lays 7.In small localities Balaji is preferrred 8. A lot of time is wasted during the unloading of the order/stock during the ready stock. It is not thecase with Lays because the order for Lays are in bulk and as per the CFC boxes. Annexure QUESTIONNAIRE (RETAIL OUTLET) Outlet Name: – Outlet Type: – Route: – 1. How is the demand of Bingo? a) Very good ___b) good ___c) average ___ d) below average __ 2. Stock availability of various brands a) Lays ____ b) Bingo ____ c) Haldiram ____ d) Balaji_____ e) Parle______ 3. What criteria you keep in mind when you sell your product? ) Focus on Quality_____ b) Focus on Price____ c) Focus on Size___ d)Focus on Margin____ 4. How far do you think ITC Bingo has captured market over Lays? a) On a Small Scale_____b) On a Large Scale________ 5. What problem you face to sale ITC Bingo!? a) Size____ b) Brand Loyalty for other Brand_____ c) Lack of Awareness_____ d) Any Other 6. Has the sale increased by improving the infrastructure by Bingo? a) Highly Increased____ b) Increased____ c) Somewhat Increased__ d) Not at all increased 7. Do you have to convince customer to purchase Bingo? ) Yes ___ b) No ___ 8. Please assign a valu e from 1-5 to BINGO & LAYS a) For Excellent5 b) For Very Good4 c) For Good3 d) For Average2 e) For Bad1 9. Do you have a rack of Lays? a) Yes____b) No_____ 10. Do you have a rack of Bingo? a) Yes____b) No_____ References 1. http://www. itcportal. com 2. http://www. nowthatsnifty. com/2012/01/204-lays-potato-chip-flavors-from. html#. T9zOwCEggUg 3. http://www. the-top-tens. com/lists/best-flavour-lays-india. asp 4. http://pepsicoindia. co. in/media/fact-sheet. html